Pakistan-Afghanistan fighting: What we know

Pakistan launched air strikes on cities in neighbouring Afghanistan on Friday, in a major escalation after months of attacks and cross-border strikes along their porous frontier.

Here is what we know about the fighting, which has raised fears of a wider conflict between the two neighbours.

– Strikes follow clashes –

Pakistan’s night operation followed clashes on Thursday evening, when Afghan forces attacked Pakistani border troops in retaliation for earlier air strikes by Islamabad.

Pakistani Information Minister Attaullah Tarar said his country’s forces hit defence targets in the Afghan capital Kabul, the southern city of Kandahar and the southeastern province of Paktia.

Neither side has formally announced a full-scale military campaign, though Tarar said in a post on X that “now it is open war”.

Islamabad says it is responding to militant attacks it claims originate from Afghan territory, although Afghanistan’s Taliban authorities deny allowing their soil to be used against Pakistan.

Dozens of people have been reported killed in recent months, while border crossings remain largely closed.

And with diplomacy repeatedly failing, the risk of further escalation is high.

– Conflicting claims –

Both sides have issued sharply different accounts of what has happened.

The Taliban government confirmed Friday’s air strikes, with spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid saying Afghan forces killed 55 Pakistani soldiers, while putting the death toll among Afghan troops at 13.

The head of the Pakistan military’s publicity wing, Lieutenant General Ahmed Sharif Chaudhry, told reporters “274 Taliban regime members and terrorists” had been killed, for the loss of 12 Pakistani troops.

Casualty claims from both sides are difficult to verify independently

At a camp for returnees near Torkham, multiple civilians were wounded in a Pakistan strike, Nangarhar provincial official Qureshi Badlun said.

One woman was killed and several others were hospitalised, according to provincial public health spokesman Naqibullah Rahimi.

Pakistan and Afghanistan each claim to have killed dozens of enemy fighters in recent clashes.

Mujahid said several Pakistani soldiers had been “caught alive”, a claim denied by Islamabad.

– Militants –

At the heart of the dispute is Pakistan’s long running accusation that Afghanistan is not doing enough to curb the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).

The militant group has stepped up attacks inside Pakistan since the Taliban returned to power in Kabul in 2021, according to analysts.

Islamabad says many of these fighters operate from Afghan soil, which the Taliban government rejects.

Recent months have seen major attacks in Islamabad and the border region, and the resurgence of militant violence has deepened mistrust between the neighbours.

Maleeha Lodhi, a former senior Pakistani diplomat, told AFP that “Islamabad’s strategy is, for now, aimed at raising the costs for Kabul for its non-action on TTP”.

– Frail diplomacy –

The most serious confrontation in months follows diplomatic efforts that have struggled to contain tensions.

A truce was brokered by Qatar and Turkey after deadly clashes in October that killed more than 70 people on both sides.

But multiple rounds of negotiations since then have failed to produce a durable agreement.

Saudi Arabia recently intervened to mediate the release of three Pakistani soldiers captured by Afghanistan.

Iran also stepped in, with Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi saying on Friday that Tehran “stands ready to provide any assistance necessary to facilitate dialogue and to enhance understanding and cooperation between the two countries”.

However, some experts say it might be too late for effective diplomacy.

Qamar Cheema, a Pakistani political analyst, told AFP that Islamabad had “used all options including regional diplomacy, direct communication, but nothing has been honoured”.

Lodhi said: “The clashes will likely stop but a formal ceasefire is not in sight.”

– Historic tensions –

Afghanistan and Pakistan share the disputed Durand Line, a colonial-era frontier that Kabul has never formally recognised.

Cross-border militant sanctuaries, refugee flows and accusations of interference have strained ties for decades.

Since the Taliban’s return to power, relations have seesawed between cautious engagement and open hostility.

Border crossings have frequently shut following clashes, disrupting trade and the movement of people.

The latest violence marks what analysts describe as the most dangerous phase yet, with Pakistan appearing to target Taliban government sites rather than only alleged TTP positions.

South Asia expert Michael Kugelman called the overnight strikes a “significant and dangerous escalation”.