English Language Requirements for Immigration and British Citizenship: A Historical Perspective and Current Challenge

By Jamal Ahmed , PGCE, CELTA:

The English language requirement for immigration, settlement, and British citizenship has undergone significant changes over the years. From the introduction of ESOL-based courses to the current Secure English Language Tests (SELT), the UK government has consistently tightened regulations to ensure that immigrants can communicate effectively and integrate into society. In this article, I explore the history of language requirements, the challenges faced by immigrants, and my insights as a teacher .
The Early Days: ESOL Courses for Settlement
Before the early 2000s, English proficiency was an aspiration rather than a formal requirement for immigrants. In 2004, the Labour government introduced ESOL (English for Speakers of Other Languages) courses as a requirement for settlement and citizenship. Applicants had to enrol in ESOL courses with citizenship content at accredited institutions to meet the English language requirement.
However, as concerns grew over the varying standards of ESOL courses, the Conservative government introduced Secure English Language Testing (SELT) to standardise English proficiency assessments for visa applicants.
The Introduction of Secure English Language Tests (SELT)
The SELT system replaced the previous ESOL-based approach, requiring applicants to take an approved language test from specific awarding bodies authorised by the UK Border Agency (UKBA) and later the Home Office. This change ensured consistency and credibility in English language assessments.

Cheating in Language and Life in the UK Tests

The transformation of the ESOL test into the SELT and the increasing instances of cheating in the Life in the UK test have raised serious concerns, especially after these issues were exposed in programs like Panorama in February 2014. The widespread nature of these cheating scandals, coupled with past incidents such as the TOEIC fraud, has highlighted significant vulnerabilities in the immigration and citizenship testing process. In addition, a 2019 BBC investigation revealed that criminal gangs were helping candidates cheat on UK citizenship tests, further exposing weaknesses in the system.
As a result, the government has been compelled to take stronger measures to monitor and regulate testing systems. These measures include implementing tougher security protocols, improving oversight, and introducing more robust verification methods to ensure the integrity of language and citizenship tests. The growing focus on tightening these regulations is aimed at safeguarding the system against abuse while ensuring that those seeking to settle in the UK are genuinely prepared to integrate. While these steps may have added complexity to the process, they are necessary for maintaining fairness and upholding the credibility of the immigration system in the long run.

Key Changes in English Language Requirements
• 2010: A1 English was introduced as a requirement for spouse visa applicants.
• 2013: B1 English became mandatory for indefinite leave to remain (ILR) and British citizenship applicants.
• 2016: A2 English was introduced for those extending their spouse visa after 2.5 years.
Life in the UK Test: A Mandatory Step for Citizenship
In addition to English language proficiency, applicants for British citizenship must pass the Life in the UK Test, which was introduced in 2005. This test assesses applicants’ knowledge of British history, culture, and values. Over the years, the test has become more comprehensive, covering topics such as the legal system, governance, and daily life in the UK.
Changes in Approved English Language Test Providers
The list of approved providers for Secure English Language Tests (SELT) has evolved over time, reflecting updates in regulations and testing standards. The current approved awarding bodies for SELT are:
• Trinity College London
• IELTS (administered by Cambridge, British Council, and IDP)
• Pearson PTE Academic UKVI
• LanguageCert
• PSI Services (UK) Ltd
Recent Changes: English Language Requirements for Skilled Worker Visas
In recent years, the focus on English language proficiency has extended to work-related immigration. Under the Skilled Worker visa, which replaced the Tier 2 (General) work visa, applicants must demonstrate B1-level English proficiency in speaking, listening, reading, and writing.
Bangladeshi Immigrants and the Skilled Worker Visa
A significant number of immigrants, including many Bangladeshis, who arrived in the UK over the past five years, did so on skilled worker visas, accompanied by their dependants. Many of the dependants are now attempting to switch to Skilled Worker visas from their dependant visas. The transition is challenging, as it requires securing a Certificate of Sponsorship (CoS) from an employer and passing an approved English test. Many struggle with the B1 English requirement, particularly in reading and writing, which were not necessary for spouse and ILR applications.
Challenges Faced by Applicants
1. The Cost of Language Tests
Many applicants find the cost of SELT exams, Life in the UK Test, and preparation courses a financial burden, especially if they need multiple attempts to pass.
2. Language Barriers
Applicants who have limited formal education in English or have not used English in daily life struggle with the transition from ESOL courses to standardised tests.
3. Difficulty in Life in the UK Test
The Life in the UK Test, which has a pass rate of around 70%, remains a major challenge for many, as it requires memorisation of historical facts and cultural knowledge.
Overall Success Rate and Improvements
Despite facing challenges, many immigrants have successfully met language requirements through structured learning and support networks. Local colleges, reputable training centres, community organisations, and community TV channels have all played a crucial role in this progress. Many community channels host live shows on immigration and language needs, including legal aid programs. For example, Channel S, a Bangladeshi TV channel, runs a show called Skilled for Life, which has played an important role in informing and educating the community about language needs and other requirements.
Positive Experiences and Testimonials
Through my years of teaching in both the UK and Bangladesh, I have worked with thousands of students who initially struggled but ultimately succeeded in their language exams.
One student, a middle-aged woman who had never studied English formally, overcame her fear of the Life in the UK Test with proper guidance. After passing on her second attempt, she proudly obtained British citizenship.
Another student, who had only completed primary education in Bangladesh, was extremely anxious about passing the B1 English Test and the Life in the UK Test. However, through hard work and determination, she successfully passed both exams and became a British citizen.
Another student, who had repeatedly failed the Life in the UK Test, once believed it was impossible to pass. However, after multiple attempts, he finally succeeded. Reflecting on his journey, he said, “You have to believe in yourself, keep pushing, and never give up.”
Another individual, who passed his B1 English Language Test for a work permit, shared his thoughts: “To be successful, you not only have to attend the training but also work hard and turn your challenges into opportunities.”
These success stories highlight the importance of perseverance, structured learning, and community support.
Having supported numerous newcomers to the UK across various visa routes, I have witnessed firsthand how structured training can significantly improve applicants’ chances of success. Many students who initially struggled with English proficiency have gained confidence and skills through professional guidance and practice.
In my view, although the system has become more rigorous over the years, it now offers a clearer pathway for integration and career advancement. With more accessible learning resources, government-backed training programs, and stronger community engagement, we could see even better outcomes for Bangladeshi immigrants.
Conclusion
The progression of English language requirements for immigration and citizenship reflects the UK government’s commitment to ensuring integration. While the system has become more structured, it has also posed challenges, particularly for some immigrants. However, with the right preparation and support, many have successfully navigated these hurdles and secured their future in the UK. As policies continue to evolve, it is essential for the community to stay informed and take advantage of available learning opportunities. Through proper guidance, structured learning, and determination, the pathway to settlement and career success in the UK remains achievable for all.